Sustainable Development and Green Technologies as a New Dimension of Foreign Policy Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and the Gulf States, Abu Shawer Ahmad, Dr Kurmangali Kuanyshbaikyzy, Prof. Saad Twaissi, Dr Eimad Eldin Abusham
Abu Shawer Omar Ahmad
Sorbonne-Kazakhstan Institute, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University
Almaty
Kazakhstan
ORCID: 0009-0008-1883-8588
Dr Kurmangali Aimen Kuanyshbaikyzy
Sorbonne-Kazakhstan Institute, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University
Almaty
Kazakhstan
ORCID: 0000-0002-9846-4983
Professor Saad Twaissi
Department of Tourism and Heritage Studies, United Arab Emirates University
Al Ain
United Arab Emirates
ORCID: 0000-0002-1802-6327
Dr Eimad Eldin Abusham
Faculty of Computing & Information Technology, Sohar University
Oman
ORCID: 0000-0002-4895-2057
Paper Type: Research
Received: 2 May 2025 / Revised: 8 August 2025 / Accepted: 10 August 2025 / Published: 10 September 2025
DOI: 10.47556/J.WJEMSD.21.4.2025.2
Purpose: This paper compares how Kazakhstan and the Gulf nations use green technologies and sustainable development in foreign policy co-operation.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This analytical framework includes descriptive statistics, Prophet time-series forecasting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering.
Findings: The analysis divides Kazakhstan and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) into three sustainability performance clusters. Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan are predicted to further increase CO₂ emissions, while the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar show flattening patterns in line with their environmental goals.
Research Limitations/Implications: The World Sustainability Dataset (www.Kaggle.com) data from 173 countries provides insights into regional sustainability collaboration, although historical coverage and data availability limit the study.
Originality/Value: This paper introduces a quantitative way of linking foreign policy to sustainability performance. It was one of the first to use machine learning to study Kazakhstan-Gulf state green diplomacy.
Keywords: Sustainable Development; Foreign Policy; Kazakhstan; Gulf States; Clustering; Forecasting; Renewable Energy; CO₂ Emissions; Green Diplomacy.
Citation: Ahmad, A. S. O., Abusham, E., Kyanyshbaikyzy, K. A. and Twaissi, S. (2025): Sustainable Development and Green Technologies as a New Dimension of Foreign Policy Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and the Gulf States. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development (WJEMSD), Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 303-319.
