This paper compares how Kazakhstan and the Gulf nations use green technologies and sustainable development in foreign policy co-operation.
This analytical framework includes descriptive statistics, Prophet time-series forecasting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering.
The analysis divides Kazakhstan and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) into three sustainability performance clusters. Saudi Arabia and Kazakhstan are predicted to further increase CO₂ emissions, while the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar show flattening patterns in line with their environmental goals.
This paper introduces a quantitative way of linking foreign policy to sustainability performance. It was one of the first to use machine learning to study Kazakhstan-Gulf state green diplomacy.
The World Sustainability Dataset (www.Kaggle.com) data from 173 countries provides insights into regional sustainability collaboration, although historical coverage and data availability limit the study.
Ahmad, A. S. O., Abusham, E., Kyanyshbaikyzy, K. A. and Twaissi, S. (2025): Sustainable Development and Green Technologies as a New Dimension of Foreign Policy Co-operation: A Comparative Study of Kazakhstan and the Gulf States. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development (WJEMSD), Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 303-319.
