This study addresses the profound paradox between innovation-driven capitalist growth and planetary ecological boundaries by introducing Post-Schumpeterian Economics (PSE) to examine multi-dimensional green transformation pathways across G-20 economies.
Integrating Georgescu-Roegen's thermodynamic limits into evolutionary economic theory, we internalize climate security as a global public good. Empirically, hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method) is applied across G-19 economies using open data spanning decoupling metrics, applied green technologies (renewables, electric vehicles), Y02 green patents, and green finance.
Global green transformation is structurally path-dependent and pluralistic, transcending traditional G-7 and BRICS divides. An asymmetric US-China technological duopoly dominates green frontiers, demonstrating that market-pricing mechanisms alone are insufficient without a Supervising State actively steering National Innovation Systems.
PSE bridges evolutionary dynamism with ecological economics, offering policymakers an empirical typology to prevent one-size-fits-all transition failures.
National governments should adopt "Supervised Positive-Sum Policies," strategically deploying public risk capital into disruptive green innovation ecosystems.
